pppd/plugins/winbind.c

   1 /***********************************************************************
   2 *
   3 * winbind.c
   4 *
   5 * WINBIND plugin for pppd.  Performs PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP, MS-CHAPv2
   6 * authentication using WINBIND to contact a NT-style PDC.
   7 *
   8 * Based on the structure of the radius module.
   9 *
  10 * Copyright (C) 2003 Andrew Bartlet <abartlet@samba.org>
  11 *
  12 * Copyright 1999 Paul Mackerras, Alan Curry.
  13 * (pipe read code from passpromt.c)
  14 *
  15 * Copyright (C) 2002 Roaring Penguin Software Inc.
  16 *
  17 * Based on a patch for ipppd, which is:
  18 *    Copyright (C) 1996, Matjaz Godec <gody@elgo.si>
  19 *    Copyright (C) 1996, Lars Fenneberg <in5y050@public.uni-hamburg.de>
  20 *    Copyright (C) 1997, Miguel A.L. Paraz <map@iphil.net>
  21 *
  22 * Uses radiusclient library, which is:
  23 *    Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,1998 Lars Fenneberg <lf@elemental.net>
  24 *    Copyright (C) 2002 Roaring Penguin Software Inc.
  25 *
  26 * MPPE support is by Ralf Hofmann, <ralf.hofmann@elvido.net>, with
  27 * modification from Frank Cusack, <frank@google.com>.
  28 *
  29 * Updated on 2003-12-12 to support updated PPP plugin API from latest CVS
  30 *    Copyright (C) 2003, Sean E. Millichamp <sean at bruenor dot org>
  31 *
  32 * This plugin may be distributed according to the terms of the GNU
  33 * General Public License, version 2 or (at your option) any later version.
  34 *
  35 ***********************************************************************/
  36
  37 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
  38 #include "config.h"
  39 #endif
  40
  41 #include "pppd.h"
  42 #include "chap-new.h"
  43 #include "chap_ms.h"
  44 #include "fsm.h"
  45 #include "ipcp.h"
  46 #include "mppe.h"
  47 #include <syslog.h>
  48 #include <sys/types.h>
  49 #include <sys/stat.h>
  50 #include <fcntl.h>
  51 #include <sys/time.h>
  52 #include <sys/wait.h>
  53 #include <string.h>
  54 #include <unistd.h>
  55 #include <stdlib.h>
  56 #include <errno.h>
  57 #include <ctype.h>
  58
  59 #define BUF_LEN 1024
  60
  61 #define NOT_AUTHENTICATED 0
  62 #define AUTHENTICATED 1
  63
  64 static char *ntlm_auth = NULL;
  65
  66 static int set_ntlm_auth(char **argv)
  67 {
  68         char *p;
  69
  70         p = argv[0];
  71         if (p[0] != '/') {
  72                 option_error("ntlm_auth-helper argument must be full path");
  73                 return 0;
  74         }
  75         p = strdup(p);
  76         if (p == NULL) {
  77                 novm("ntlm_auth-helper argument");
  78                 return 0;
  79         }
  80         if (ntlm_auth != NULL)
  81                 free(ntlm_auth);
  82         ntlm_auth = p;
  83         return 1;
  84 }
  85
  86 static option_t Options[] = {
  87         { "ntlm_auth-helper", o_special, (void *) &set_ntlm_auth,
  88           "Path to ntlm_auth executable", OPT_PRIV },
  89         { NULL }
  90 };
  91
  92 static int
  93 winbind_secret_check(void);
  94
  95 static int winbind_pap_auth(char *user,
  96                            char *passwd,
  97                            char **msgp,
  98                            struct wordlist **paddrs,
  99                            struct wordlist **popts);
 100 static int winbind_chap_verify(char *user, char *ourname, int id,
 101                                struct chap_digest_type *digest,
 102                                unsigned char *challenge,
 103                                unsigned char *response,
 104                                char *message, int message_space);
 105 static int winbind_allowed_address(u_int32_t addr);
 106
 107 char pppd_version[] = VERSION;
 108
 109 /**********************************************************************
 110 * %FUNCTION: plugin_init
 111 * %ARGUMENTS:
 112 *  None
 113 * %RETURNS:
 114 *  Nothing
 115 * %DESCRIPTION:
 116 *  Initializes WINBIND plugin.
 117 ***********************************************************************/
 118 void
 119 plugin_init(void)
 120 {
 121     pap_check_hook = winbind_secret_check;
 122     pap_auth_hook = winbind_pap_auth;
 123
 124     chap_check_hook = winbind_secret_check;
 125     chap_verify_hook = winbind_chap_verify;
 126
 127     allowed_address_hook = winbind_allowed_address;
 128
 129     /* Don't ask the peer for anything other than MS-CHAP or MS-CHAP V2 */
 130     chap_mdtype_all &= (MDTYPE_MICROSOFT_V2 | MDTYPE_MICROSOFT);
 131
 132     add_options(Options);
 133
 134     info("WINBIND plugin initialized.");
 135 }
 136
 137 /**
 138  Routine to get hex characters and turn them into a 16 byte array.
 139  the array can be variable length, and any non-hex-numeric
 140  characters are skipped.  "0xnn" or "0Xnn" is specially catered
 141  for.
 142
 143  valid examples: "0A5D15"; "0x15, 0x49, 0xa2"; "59\ta9\te3\n"
 144
 145 **/
 146
 147 /*
 148    Unix SMB/CIFS implementation.
 149    Samba utility functions
 150
 151    Copyright (C) Andrew Tridgell 1992-2001
 152    Copyright (C) Simo Sorce      2001-2002
 153    Copyright (C) Martin Pool     2003
 154
 155    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 156    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 157    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 158    (at your option) any later version.
 159
 160    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 161    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 162    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 163    GNU General Public License for more details.
 164
 165    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 166    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 167    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
 168 */
 169
 170 size_t strhex_to_str(char *p, size_t len, const char *strhex)
 171 {
 172         size_t i;
 173         size_t num_chars = 0;
 174         unsigned char   lonybble, hinybble;
 175         const char     *hexchars = "0123456789ABCDEF";
 176         char           *p1 = NULL, *p2 = NULL;
 177
 178         for (i = 0; i < len && strhex[i] != 0; i++) {
 179                 if (strncmp(hexchars, "0x", 2) == 0) {
 180                         i++; /* skip two chars */
 181                         continue;
 182                 }
 183
 184                 if (!(p1 = strchr(hexchars, toupper(strhex[i]))))
 185                         break;
 186
 187                 i++; /* next hex digit */
 188
 189                 if (!(p2 = strchr(hexchars, toupper(strhex[i]))))
 190                         break;
 191
 192                 /* get the two nybbles */
 193                 hinybble = (p1 - hexchars);
 194                 lonybble = (p2 - hexchars);
 195
 196                 p[num_chars] = (hinybble << 4) | lonybble;
 197                 num_chars++;
 198
 199                 p1 = NULL;
 200                 p2 = NULL;
 201         }
 202         return num_chars;
 203 }
 204
 205 static const char *b64 = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
 206
 207 /**
 208  * Encode a base64 string into a malloc()ed string caller to free.
 209  *
 210  *From SQUID: adopted from http://ftp.sunet.se/pub2/gnu/vm/base64-encode.c with adjustments
 211  **/
 212 char * base64_encode(const char *data)
 213 {
 214         size_t out_cnt = 0;
 215         size_t len = strlen(data);
 216         size_t output_len = 4 * ((len + 2) / 3) + 2;
 217         const unsigned char *ptr = (const unsigned char *) data;
 218         char *result = malloc(output_len); /* get us plenty of space */
 219         unsigned int bits;
 220
 221         for (; len >= 3; len -= 3) {
 222                 bits = (ptr[0] << 16) + (ptr[1] << 8) + ptr[2];
 223                 ptr += 3;
 224                 result[out_cnt++] = b64[bits >> 18];
 225                 result[out_cnt++] = b64[(bits >> 12) & 0x3f];
 226                 result[out_cnt++] = b64[(bits >> 6) & 0x3f];
 227                 result[out_cnt++] = b64[bits & 0x3f];
 228         }
 229         if (len != 0) {
 230                 bits = ptr[0] << 16;
 231                 if (len > 1)
 232                         bits |= ptr[1] << 8;
 233                 result[out_cnt++] = b64[bits >> 18];
 234                 result[out_cnt++] = b64[(bits >> 12) & 0x3f];
 235                 result[out_cnt++] = (len > 1)? b64[(bits >> 6) & 0x3f]: '=';
 236                 result[out_cnt++] = '=';
 237         }
 238
 239         result[out_cnt] = '\0'; /* terminate */
 240         return result;
 241 }
 242
 243 unsigned int run_ntlm_auth(const char *username,
 244                            const char *domain,
 245                            const char *full_username,
 246                            const char *plaintext_password,
 247                            const u_char *challenge,
 248                            size_t challenge_length,
 249                            const u_char *lm_response,
 250                            size_t lm_response_length,
 251                            const u_char *nt_response,
 252                            size_t nt_response_length,
 253                            u_char nt_key[16],
 254                            char **error_string)
 255 {
 256
 257         pid_t forkret;
 258         int child_in[2];
 259         int child_out[2];
 260         int status;
 261
 262         int authenticated = NOT_AUTHENTICATED; /* not auth */
 263         int got_user_session_key = 0; /* not got key */
 264
 265         char buffer[1024];
 266
 267         FILE *pipe_in;
 268         FILE *pipe_out;
 269
 270         int i;
 271         char *challenge_hex;
 272         char *lm_hex_hash;
 273         char *nt_hex_hash;
 274
 275         /* First see if we have a program to run... */
 276         if (ntlm_auth == NULL)
 277                 return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 278
 279         /* Make first child */
 280         if (pipe(child_out) == -1) {
 281                 error("pipe creation failed for child OUT!");
 282                 return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 283         }
 284
 285         if (pipe(child_in) == -1) {
 286                 error("pipe creation failed for child IN!");
 287                 return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 288         }
 289
 290         forkret = safe_fork(child_in[0], child_out[1], 2);
 291         if (forkret == -1) {
 292                 if (error_string) {
 293                         *error_string = strdup("fork failed!");
 294                 }
 295
 296                 return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 297         }
 298
 299         if (forkret == 0) {
 300                 /* child process */
 301                 uid_t uid;
 302
 303                 close(child_out[0]);
 304                 close(child_in[1]);
 305
 306                 /* run winbind as the user that invoked pppd */
 307                 setgid(getgid());
 308                 uid = getuid();
 309                 if (setuid(uid) == -1 || getuid() != uid)
 310                         fatal("pppd/winbind: could not setuid to %d: %m", uid);
 311                 execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", ntlm_auth, NULL);
 312                 fatal("pppd/winbind: could not exec /bin/sh: %m");
 313         }
 314
 315         /* parent */
 316         close(child_out[1]);
 317         close(child_in[0]);
 318
 319         /* Need to write the User's info onto the pipe */
 320
 321         pipe_in = fdopen(child_in[1], "w");
 322
 323         pipe_out = fdopen(child_out[0], "r");
 324
 325         /* look for session key coming back */
 326
 327         if (username) {
 328                 char *b64_username = base64_encode(username);
 329                 fprintf(pipe_in, "Username:: %s\n", b64_username);
 330                 free(b64_username);
 331         }
 332
 333         if (domain) {
 334                 char *b64_domain = base64_encode(domain);
 335                 fprintf(pipe_in, "NT-Domain:: %s\n", b64_domain);
 336                 free(b64_domain);
 337         }
 338
 339         if (full_username) {
 340                 char *b64_full_username = base64_encode(full_username);
 341                 fprintf(pipe_in, "Full-Username:: %s\n", b64_full_username);
 342                 free(b64_full_username);
 343         }
 344
 345         if (plaintext_password) {
 346                 char *b64_plaintext_password = base64_encode(plaintext_password);
 347                 fprintf(pipe_in, "Password:: %s\n", b64_plaintext_password);
 348                 free(b64_plaintext_password);
 349         }
 350
 351         if (challenge_length) {
 352                 fprintf(pipe_in, "Request-User-Session-Key: yes\n");
 353
 354                 challenge_hex = malloc(challenge_length*2+1);
 355
 356                 for (i = 0; i < challenge_length; i++)
 357                         sprintf(challenge_hex + i * 2, "%02X", challenge[i]);
 358
 359                 fprintf(pipe_in, "LANMAN-Challenge: %s\n", challenge_hex);
 360                 free(challenge_hex);
 361         }
 362
 363         if (lm_response_length) {
 364                 lm_hex_hash = malloc(lm_response_length*2+1);
 365
 366                 for (i = 0; i < lm_response_length; i++)
 367                         sprintf(lm_hex_hash + i * 2, "%02X", lm_response[i]);
 368
 369                 fprintf(pipe_in, "LANMAN-response: %s\n", lm_hex_hash);
 370                 free(lm_hex_hash);
 371         }
 372
 373         if (nt_response_length) {
 374                 nt_hex_hash = malloc(nt_response_length*2+1);
 375
 376                 for (i = 0; i < nt_response_length; i++)
 377                         sprintf(nt_hex_hash + i * 2, "%02X", nt_response[i]);
 378
 379                 fprintf(pipe_in, "NT-response: %s\n", nt_hex_hash);
 380                 free(nt_hex_hash);
 381         }
 382
 383         fprintf(pipe_in, ".\n");
 384         fflush(pipe_in);
 385
 386         while (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1, pipe_out) != NULL) {
 387                 char *message, *parameter;
 388                 if (buffer[strlen(buffer)-1] != '\n') {
 389                         break;
 390                 }
 391                 buffer[strlen(buffer)-1] = '\0';
 392                 message = buffer;
 393
 394                 if (!(parameter = strstr(buffer, ": "))) {
 395                         break;
 396                 }
 397
 398                 parameter[0] = '\0';
 399                 parameter++;
 400                 parameter[0] = '\0';
 401                 parameter++;
 402
 403                 if (strcmp(message, ".") == 0) {
 404                         /* end of sequence */
 405                         break;
 406                 } else if (strcasecmp(message, "Authenticated") == 0) {
 407                         if (strcasecmp(parameter, "Yes") == 0) {
 408                                 authenticated = AUTHENTICATED;
 409                         } else {
 410                                 notice("Winbind has declined authentication for user!");
 411                                 authenticated = NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 412                         }
 413                 } else if (strcasecmp(message, "User-session-key") == 0) {
 414                         /* length is the number of characters to parse */
 415                         if (nt_key) {
 416                                 if (strhex_to_str(nt_key, 32, parameter) == 16) {
 417                                         got_user_session_key = 1;
 418                                 } else {
 419                                         notice("NT session key for user was not 16 bytes!");
 420                                 }
 421                         }
 422                 } else if (strcasecmp(message, "Error") == 0) {
 423                         authenticated = NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 424                         if (error_string)
 425                                 *error_string = strdup(parameter);
 426                 } else if (strcasecmp(message, "Authentication-Error") == 0) {
 427                         authenticated = NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 428                         if (error_string)
 429                                 *error_string = strdup(parameter);
 430                 } else {
 431                         notice("unrecognised input from ntlm_auth helper - %s: %s", message, parameter);
 432                 }
 433         }
 434
 435         /* parent */
 436         if (close(child_out[0]) == -1) {
 437                 close(child_in[1]);
 438                 notice("error closing pipe?!? for child OUT[0]");
 439                 return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 440         }
 441
 442        /* parent */
 443         if (close(child_in[1]) == -1) {
 444                 notice("error closing pipe?!? for child IN[1]");
 445                 return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 446         }
 447
 448         while ((wait(&status) == -1) && errno == EINTR && !got_sigterm)
 449                 ;
 450
 451         if ((authenticated == AUTHENTICATED) && nt_key && !got_user_session_key) {
 452                 notice("Did not get user session key, despite being authenticated!");
 453                 return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 454         }
 455         return authenticated;
 456 }
 457
 458 /**********************************************************************
 459 * %FUNCTION: winbind_secret_check
 460 * %ARGUMENTS:
 461 *  None
 462 * %RETURNS:
 463 *  0 if we don't have an ntlm_auth program to run, otherwise 1.
 464 * %DESCRIPTION:
 465 * Tells pppd that we will try to authenticate the peer, and not to
 466 * worry about looking in /etc/ppp/ *-secrets
 467 ***********************************************************************/
 468 static int
 469 winbind_secret_check(void)
 470 {
 471         return ntlm_auth != NULL;
 472 }
 473
 474 /**********************************************************************
 475 * %FUNCTION: winbind_pap_auth
 476 * %ARGUMENTS:
 477 *  user -- user-name of peer
 478 *  passwd -- password supplied by peer
 479 *  msgp -- Message which will be sent in PAP response
 480 *  paddrs -- set to a list of possible peer IP addresses
 481 *  popts -- set to a list of additional pppd options
 482 * %RETURNS:
 483 *  1 if we can authenticate, -1 if we cannot.
 484 * %DESCRIPTION:
 485 * Performs PAP authentication using WINBIND
 486 ***********************************************************************/
 487 static int
 488 winbind_pap_auth(char *user,
 489                 char *password,
 490                 char **msgp,
 491                 struct wordlist **paddrs,
 492                 struct wordlist **popts)
 493 {
 494         if (run_ntlm_auth(NULL, NULL, user, password, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, msgp) == AUTHENTICATED) {
 495                 return 1;
 496         }
 497         return -1;
 498 }
 499
 500 /**********************************************************************
 501 * %FUNCTION: winbind_chap_auth
 502 * %ARGUMENTS:
 503 *  user -- user-name of peer
 504 *  remmd -- hash received from peer
 505 *  remmd_len -- length of remmd
 506 *  cstate -- pppd's chap_state structure
 507 * %RETURNS:
 508 *  AUTHENTICATED (1) if we can authenticate, NOT_AUTHENTICATED (0) if we cannot.
 509 * %DESCRIPTION:
 510 * Performs MS-CHAP and MS-CHAPv2 authentication using WINBIND.
 511 ***********************************************************************/
 512
 513 static int
 514 winbind_chap_verify(char *user, char *ourname, int id,
 515                     struct chap_digest_type *digest,
 516                     unsigned char *challenge,
 517                     unsigned char *response,
 518                     char *message, int message_space)
 519 {
 520         int challenge_len, response_len;
 521         char domainname[256];
 522         char *domain;
 523         char *username;
 524         char *p;
 525         char saresponse[MS_AUTH_RESPONSE_LENGTH+1];
 526
 527         /* The first byte of each of these strings contains their length */
 528         challenge_len = *challenge++;
 529         response_len = *response++;
 530
 531         /* remove domain from "domain\username" */
 532         if ((username = strrchr(user, '\\')) != NULL)
 533                 ++username;
 534         else
 535                 username = user;
 536
 537         strlcpy(domainname, user, sizeof(domainname));
 538
 539         /* remove domain from "domain\username" */
 540         if ((p = strrchr(domainname, '\\')) != NULL) {
 541                 *p = '\0';
 542                 domain = domainname;
 543         } else {
 544                 domain = NULL;
 545         }
 546
 547         /*  generate MD based on negotiated type */
 548         switch (digest->code) {
 549
 550         case CHAP_MICROSOFT:
 551         {
 552                 char *error_string = NULL;
 553                 u_char *nt_response = NULL;
 554                 u_char *lm_response = NULL;
 555                 int nt_response_size = 0;
 556                 int lm_response_size = 0;
 557                 u_char session_key[16];
 558
 559                 if (response_len != MS_CHAP_RESPONSE_LEN)
 560                         break;                  /* not even the right length */
 561
 562                 /* Determine which part of response to verify against */
 563                 if (response[MS_CHAP_USENT]) {
 564                         nt_response = &response[MS_CHAP_NTRESP];
 565                         nt_response_size = MS_CHAP_NTRESP_LEN;
 566                 } else {
 567 #ifdef MSLANMAN
 568                         lm_response = &response[MS_CHAP_LANMANRESP];
 569                         lm_response_size = MS_CHAP_LANMANRESP_LEN;
 570 #else
 571                         /* Should really propagate this into the error packet. */
 572                         notice("Peer request for LANMAN auth not supported");
 573                         return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 574 #endif /* MSLANMAN */
 575                 }
 576
 577                 /* ship off to winbind, and check */
 578
 579                 if (run_ntlm_auth(username,
 580                                   domain,
 581                                   NULL,
 582                                   NULL,
 583                                   challenge, challenge_len,
 584                                   lm_response, lm_response_size,
 585                                   nt_response, nt_response_size,
 586                                   session_key,
 587                                   &error_string) == AUTHENTICATED) {
 588 #ifdef MPPE
 589                         mppe_set_chapv1(challenge, session_key);
 590 #endif
 591                         slprintf(message, message_space, "Access granted");
 592                         return AUTHENTICATED;
 593
 594                 } else {
 595                         if (error_string) {
 596                                 notice(error_string);
 597                                 free(error_string);
 598                         }
 599                         slprintf(message, message_space, "E=691 R=1 C=%0.*B V=0",
 600                                  challenge_len, challenge);
 601                         return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 602                 }
 603                 break;
 604         }
 605
 606         case CHAP_MICROSOFT_V2:
 607         {
 608                 u_char Challenge[8];
 609                 u_char session_key[MD4_SIGNATURE_SIZE];
 610                 char *error_string = NULL;
 611
 612                 if (response_len != MS_CHAP2_RESPONSE_LEN)
 613                         break;                  /* not even the right length */
 614
 615                 ChallengeHash(&response[MS_CHAP2_PEER_CHALLENGE], challenge,
 616                               user, Challenge);
 617
 618                 /* ship off to winbind, and check */
 619
 620                 if (run_ntlm_auth(username,
 621                                   domain,
 622                                   NULL,
 623                                   NULL,
 624                                   Challenge, 8,
 625                                   NULL, 0,
 626                                   &response[MS_CHAP2_NTRESP],
 627                                   MS_CHAP2_NTRESP_LEN,
 628                                   session_key,
 629                                   &error_string) == AUTHENTICATED) {
 630
 631                         GenerateAuthenticatorResponse(session_key,
 632                                 &response[MS_CHAP2_NTRESP],
 633                                 &response[MS_CHAP2_PEER_CHALLENGE],
 634                                 challenge, user, saresponse);
 635 #ifdef MPPE
 636                         mppe_set_chapv2(session_key, &response[MS_CHAP2_NTRESP],
 637                                        MS_CHAP2_AUTHENTICATOR);
 638 #endif
 639                         if (response[MS_CHAP2_FLAGS]) {
 640                                 slprintf(message, message_space, "S=%s", saresponse);
 641                         } else {
 642                                 slprintf(message, message_space, "S=%s M=%s",
 643                                          saresponse, "Access granted");
 644                         }
 645                         return AUTHENTICATED;
 646
 647                 } else {
 648                         if (error_string) {
 649                                 notice(error_string);
 650                                 slprintf(message, message_space, "E=691 R=1 C=%0.*B V=0 M=%s",
 651                                          challenge_len, challenge, error_string);
 652                                 free(error_string);
 653                         } else {
 654                                 slprintf(message, message_space, "E=691 R=1 C=%0.*B V=0 M=%s",
 655                                          challenge_len, challenge, "Access denied");
 656                         }
 657                         return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 658                 }
 659                 break;
 660         }
 661
 662         default:
 663                 error("WINBIND: Challenge type %u unsupported", digest->code);
 664         }
 665         return NOT_AUTHENTICATED;
 666 }
 667
 668 static int
 669 winbind_allowed_address(u_int32_t addr)
 670 {
 671         ipcp_options *wo = &ipcp_wantoptions[0];
 672         if (wo->hisaddr !=0 && wo->hisaddr == addr) {
 673                 return 1;
 674         }
 675         return -1;
 676 }