-PPP for Linux Version 2.2.0
+PPP for Linux Version 2.3.2
============= based on
- ppp-2.2.0
- Mar 1995
+ ppp-2.3.2
+ Oct 1997
Michael Callahan callahan@maths.ox.ac.uk
Al Longyear longyear@netcom.com
+Paul Mackerras Paul.Mackerras@cs.anu.edu.au
Contents:
INTRODUCTION
CREDITS
- CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS VERSION
- FUTURE PLANS
INSTALLATION
+ PROBLEMS WHICH MAY OCCUR WHILE BUILDING THE KERNEL
+ A REFERENCE TO UNDEFINED _mod_use_count_
+ BLOCK ON FREELIST AT nnnnnn ISN'T FREE
GENERAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
CONNECTING TO A PPP SERVER
IF IT WORKS
INTRODUCTION
-This file is a substantially derrived from the previous version for
-the pppd process 2.1.2. Michael Callahan wrote that version. This
-particular version was written, modified, hacked, changed, whatever,
-by Al Longyear. If you find errors in this document, they are probably
-mine and not Michael's.
+This file is substantially derived from the previous version for the
+pppd process 2.2.0, which itself was derived from earlier works by
+Michael Callahan. This particular version was written, modified,
+hacked, changed, whatever, by Al Longyear and Paul Mackerras. If you
+find errors in this document, they are probably ours and not
+Michael's.
This is a PPP driver for Linux. It has been used by many people and
seems to be quite stable. It is capable of being used either as a
The PPP protocol consists of two parts. One is a scheme for framing
and encoding packets, the other is a series of protocols called LCP,
-IPCP, UPAP and CHAP, for negotiating link options and for
+IPCP, PAP and CHAP, for negotiating link options and for
authentication. This package similarly consists of two parts: a
kernel module which handles PPP's low-level framing protocol, and a
user-level program called pppd which implements PPP's negotiation
the PPP kernel module that provides a signal when packets appear and
made pppd use this instead.
-Al Longyear ported version 2.2 of pppd (from the free package
-ppp-2.2.0) to Linux. He also provided several enhancements to both
+Al Longyear ported version 2.0 of pppd (from the free package
+ppp-2.0.0) to Linux. He also provided several enhancements to both
the kernel driver and the OS-independent part of pppd. His
contributions to Linux PPP have been immense, and so this release
is being distributed over both our names.
Chris Torek.
Jim Freeman added the code to support a ppp module and to dynamically
-extend the number of ppp devices. The Space.c module should not have
-any devices defined for this logic to work.
+extend the number of ppp devices. All ppp devices listed in the Space.c
+will be unlinked when the kernel is loaded. This feature makes the use
+of '16 channel' support obsolete.
-CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS VERSION
-
-- The number of devices for the PPP device has been made dynamic. It was
- previously configured with the default value of four devices.
-
-- The problems dealing with other systems such as Windows NT and their
- authenticiation has been corrected. It will now generate the proper
- responses to allow the system to choose a valid authentication protocol.
-
-- The kernel debug value has changed. Previously it was a level. It is now
- a bit map with various bits meaning certain types of debug information.
-
- 0 - No debug information is generated
- 1 - Debug messages
- 2 - Log incoming packets
- 4 - Log outgoing packets
- 8 - Log tty output buffers
- 16 - Log tty input buffers
-
- If you wish to use any combination, add the values together. For example,
- '7' will log debug messages and incoming packages and outgoing packets.
-
- The default setting is 0.
-
- The simple IP trace which ppp.c performed when 'kdebug' was greater than
- 127 has been removed. You should use tcpdump for this type of trace
- actions.
-
-- Support is added for compression control protocol. At the present time
- only the BSD compression protocol is supported. (Also, as of this time,
- the ietf-ppp working group has only specified the BSD compression
- protocol.)
-
-- There are two queues for output frames. This avoids some problems which
- occured with the previous version and some PPP packages which exchanged
- echo frames with Linux.
-
-- The echo frames are now proper. Previously, it would generate extra
- characters and this caused some providers to not respond to the 'junk'.
-
-- The max-echo-failure option will now properly disconnect the line.
-
-- There are other changes which are listed in the general README file. Please
- read that file as well for changes.
-
-- There is no limit to the number of ppp devices which you may use. Jim Freeman
- has added code to create them upon demand and to re-use the ones which have
- been closed. There is no code, nor plans to write code, to remove (delete)
- the un-used devices. So, if your system goes to a spurt and uses 3000 ppp
- devices, it will remain at that level until you next reload the kernel.
-
-
-FUTURE PLANS
-
-The IPX support is still minimal. There is code which will only work with
-the 1.3 version of the networking software. The pppd process will still
-require changes to support the IPXCP and a change to the driver to properly
-enable/disable the IPX frames. Jim Freeman is reportily working on the IPX
-support.
-
INSTALLATION
-This version of PPP has been tested on 1.1.x (x>=14) It will probably
-not work on kernels much earlier than this due to a change in the
-routing code. If you have an earlier kernel, please upgrade.
+This version of PPP has been tested on various Linux kernel versions
+(most recently 2.0.30 and 2.1.24). It will probably not work on
+kernels before 2.0.0. If you have an earlier kernel, please upgrade to
+the latest 2.0 kernel.
joining the PPP channel of linux-activists:
subscribe linux-ppp
contained in the body to majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu
+ You may use
+
+ subscribe linux-ppp myname@mail.address
+
+ if you wish the linux-ppp information sent to a different mail
+ address.
+
To leave the mail list, send 'unsubscribe linux-ppp' to the same
mail address.
You can send to the list by mailing to
linux-ppp@vger.rutgers.edu. This is a majordomo mailing list and
is unlike the earlier version on hut.fi. There is no magic header
- required for this list. In addition, it is mirrored to the usenet
- group linux.act.ppp. You may choose to read the few messages posted
+ required for this list. In addition, it is gated to the usenet
+ group linux.dev.ppp. You may choose to read the few messages posted
there.
Usenet News Groups
'ppp' on usenet may cause it to be ignored by the people who
actually work on the networking code.
-kernel driver installation:
+Installation procedure:
+
+The installation procedure has been totally revised for this
+version. Due to feedback from other users, it was felt that a more
+automated installation procedure be performed.
+
+Use the following procedure for all kernel versions. There are six steps
+numbered one through six. Please do them in order and not skip one.
- This depends on the kernel version you're using.
- Version 1.0.*
- These versions are not supported.
+1. Issue the command:
- Version 1.1.0 through 1.1.14
- These versions are not supported.
+./configure
- Version 1.1.15 to 1.2.99
- - Use the source to the ppp.c driver from the 'linux' directory and
- replace the driver in the /usr/src/linux/drivers/net.
- - Delete the file /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/ppp.h
- - Add the following files to /usr/include/net:
- if_ppp.h
- if_pppvar.h
- ppp_comp.h
- ppp_defs.h
+from the top level directory of pppd. This is the directory which
+contains this README.linux file. The result of this will be to build a
+set of symbolic links to the makefiles. They should link 'Makefile' to
+'Makefile.linux' in each of the directories.
- - IF AND ONLY IF you are missing the following files then use the
- copy provided in the 'linux' directory to supplement the files.
- DO **NOT** REPLACE THE FILE IF IT CURRENTLY EXISTS.
+2. Issue the command:
- if_arp.h
- if_route.h
+make kernel
- Version 1.3.0 and later
- The files have been properly updated.
+from the top level directory. This will install the various include
+files and source files into the proper directory for the linux
+kernel. If you don't have the kernel installed in the /usr/src/kernel
+directory then it will not work. Instead it will print a message to
+the effect that you need to specify the kernel location on the
+kinstall command.
- Reboot with the new kernel. At startup, you should see
- something line this:
+The actual message will say:
- PPP: version 2.2.0 (dynamic channel allocation)
- TCP compression code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
- Dynamic channel allocation code copyright 1995 Caldera, Inc.
- PPP line discipline registered.
+There appears to be no kernel source distribution in /usr/src/linux.
+Give the top-level kernel source directory as the argument to
+this script.
+usage: kinstall.sh [linux-source-directory]
-pppd installation:
+If, and only if, you receive this message, do the following:
- Go to the 'pppd' directory and issue the commands:
+ a. Change to the 'linux' directory with the command:
- make -f Makefile.linux depend
- make -f Makefile.linux
+cd linux
- This should build the program. If you have any errors then ensure
- that you have the proper include files and haven't missed one.
+ b. Issue the command:
- If you are using shadow passwords *AND* have it installed, then you
- should use the command:
+./kinstall.sh /usr/src/linux
- make -f Makefile.linux shadow
+or use the proper location for the kernel rather than
+/usr/src/linux. For example, if you have the kernel installed in
+/usr1/kernel then the command would be:
- rather than the non-shadow command listed earlier.
+./kinstall.sh /usr1/kernel
- (Shadow library support will require the addition of some modules
- to the shadow library. These were overlooked by the package author
- and I will, or have already, notified him.)
-
- This code has been built with the 4.5 and 4.6 subroutine libraries
- and include files. If your include files are too old then you should
- upgrade them.
+The script will validate that the kernel is properly installed into
+that directory and check the level of the kernel. The installation
+will not be accepted if your kernel is too early.
- To install the package, issue the command:
+The installation procedure will copy only the files which are
+needed. It will not replace any file which should not be
+replaced. Please don't second-guess the installation script and
+attempt to do the procedure on your own. There are some very subtle
+dependencies and if you are not careful, the installation will not
+work.
- make -f Makefile.linux install
+You are free to run the installation script as many times as you
+wish. The additional executions will only change the files which have
+not been changed.
- This will install the binary in /usr/sbin and the man page into
- /usr/man/man8.
- pppd needs to be run as root. You can either make it setuid
- root or just use it when you are root. 'make install' will try
- to install it setuid root. Making pppd setuid root is
- convenient for a single-user machine, but has security
- implications which you should investigate carefully before
- making it available on a multiuser machine.
+3. Build the kernel.
- The pppd process must have the following directories to work:
+You must rebuild the kernel with this package. The driver is totally
+new and may not work with the older daemon and the newer daemon will
+not work with the older kernel driver. If you don't know how to build
+a kernel, then you should read the README file in the kernel source
+directory.
- /var/run
- /etc/ppp
+If you wish module support then you need to have the 'modules-2.0.0'
+package installed as the minimum version. Earlier versions of the module
+support will not work properly. All of the later ones will.
- In addition, for the program to run, there must be a 'options' file
- in the /etc/ppp directory. So, the following commands will accomplish
- the required operations. They may have errors if the entries currently
- exist.
+Instructions on building the kernel with modules are given in the
+README.modules in the kernel source directory.
- Perform these commands as the 'root' user.
- mkdir /var /etc
- mkdir /var/run /etc/ppp
- touch /etc/ppp/options
+4. Install the kernel
-chat installation:
+If you are using the Yggdrasil distribution then you need to 'install'
+the kernel at this point. Refer to their documentation on the procedures
+to install the kernel.
- To compile the chat program, go to the 'chat' directory and issue
- the command:
+Distributions other than the Yggdrasil will normally install the
+kernel when you build it.
- make -f Makefile.linux
- To install the package, issue the command:
+5. Build the programs.
- make -f Makefile.linux install
+The programs are built next. The command to build the programs is fairly
+simple. Just issue the command:
- This will install the binary in /usr/sbin and the man page into
- /usr/man/man8.
+make
-pppstats installation:
+from the top level directory where this README.linux file is located.
- To compile the pppstats program, go to the 'pppstats' directory
- and issue the command:
- make -f Makefile.linux
+6. Install the programs.
- To install the package, issue the command:
+You may use the command
- make -f Makefile.linux install
+make install
- This will install the binary in /usr/sbin and the man page into
- /usr/man/man8.
+to install the various programs. They will be installed into the
+/usr/sbin directory. You may not like this directory for the
+executables. The directory name is called BINDIR and is set in the
+file 'linux/Makefile.linux'.
+
+Earlier versions of the pppd package used /usr/lib/ppp as the
+directory. This has been changed. If you still have code in
+/usr/lib/ppp then you should remove it as it is probably the 2.1
+version of the code. That version will not work with the current ppp.c
+drivers in the kernel.
+
+
+7. Reboot to the new kernel.
+
+After building the new kernel, you will need to actually use it. Reboot
+the Linux system and you may then use the new pppd program.
+
+
+8. Load optional modules.
+
+If you are using loadable modules for the ppp then you must load them
+after the kernel has been started. The following relative order must
+be maintained.
+
+Sequence Module Description
+ 1 slhc.o VJ header compression
+ 2 ppp.o PPP driver
+ 3 bsd_comp.o BSD compression for PPP's compression protocol.
+
+If you only have the bsd comprssor as a module then you may load it without
+regard to any order. Likewise you may load the deflate compressor without
+regard to any order with the BSD one. The idea is that the ppp.o code must
+be loaded to use the compressor and the VJ header compression code must be
+loaded to use ppp.o.
+
+You may elect not to load the BSD compression module if you desire.
+The LZW compression algorithm (as used by BSD-Compress and the
+`compress' command) is claimed to be covered by a patent held by
+Unisys in the USA and other countries.
+
+In addition, if memory is a premium, do not run the compressors. It
+may take large amounts of memory (up to 2.6 meg) for high compression
+lengths to hold the compression dictionaries.
+
+Without the compression modules, the PPP driver will not accept PPP's
+compression control protocol for that type. If you have no compressors
+loaded then no compression will be performed. If you don't have the BSD
+compressor loaded then the BSD compression will not be performed, even
+if the peer system supports it. Likewise with the deflate compressor.
+
+Compressors are unique to their type. If you have the deflate compressor
+loaded and the peer system has the BSD version, still no compression must
+be loaded. BOTH systems must support the same compression protocols.
+
+
+PROBLEMS WHICH MAY OCCUR WHILE BUILDING THE KERNEL
+
+At this time there should not be a problem with the complication of the
+drivers.
GENERAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
192.1.1.23 chelseapc.president.whitehouse.gov chelseapc
where my IP address is 192.1.1.17 and my hostname is
-billpc.president.whitehouse.gov. (Not really, you understand.) If
-your PPP server does dynamic IP address assignment, give a guess as to
-an address you might get (see also "Dynamic Address Assignment"
-below).
+billpc.president.whitehouse.gov. (Not really, but you should
+understand my meaning.) If your PPP server does dynamic IP address
+assignment, give a guess as to an address you might get (see also
+"Dynamic Address Assignment" below).
Finally, you need to configure the domain name system by putting
appropriate lines in /etc/resolv.conf . It should look something like
whoever's providing your PPP link.
+
CONNECTING TO A PPP SERVER
To use PPP, you invoke the pppd program with appropriate options.
"" send a return (null text followed by usual return)
ogin: ppp word: whitewater log in.
+ Please refer to the chat man page, chat.8, for more information
+ on the chat utility.
+
/dev/cua1 specify the callout serial port cua1
38400 specify baud rate
debug log status in syslog
this option would actually be redundant.
pppd will write error messages and debugging logs to the syslogd
-daemon using the facility name "local2". (Verbose output from chat is
-the same.) These messages may already be logged to the console or to
-a file like /usr/adm/messages; consult your /etc/syslog.conf file to
-see. If you want to make all pppd and chat messages go to the
-console, add the line
+daemon using the facility name "daemon". These messages may already be
+logged to the console or to a file like /usr/adm/messages; consult
+your /etc/syslog.conf file to see. If you want to make all pppd
+messages go to the console, add the line
- local2.* /dev/console
+ daemon.* /dev/console
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is one or more tabs. Do not use spaces.
("black%"), then starts PPP. The -t60 argument sets the timeout to a
minute, since things here are sometimes very slow.
+(The sendbreak program is not included in this package.)
+
The "&& sleep 5" causes the script to pause for 5 seconds, unless chat
fails in which case it exits immediately. This is just to give the
PPP server time to start (it's very slow). Also, the "stty -echo"
TX packets 0 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0
ppp0 Link encap Point-to-Point Protocol
- inet addr 192.76.32.2 P-t-P 129.67.1.165 Mask 255.255.255.0
+ inet addr 192.76.32.3 P-t-P 129.67.1.165 Mask 255.255.255.0
UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING MTU 1500 Metric 1
RX packets 33 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0
TX packets 42 errors 0 dropped 0 overrun 0
'debug' option, and put the following two lines in your
/etc/syslog.conf file:
- local2.* /dev/console
- local2.* /usr/adm/ppplog
+ daemon.* /dev/console
+ daemon.* /usr/adm/ppplog
This will cause pppd's messages to be written to the current virtual
console and to the file /usr/adm/ppplog. Note that the left-hand
the remote PPP server. To do this, alter your syslog.conf lines to
look like this
- local2.*,kern.* /dev/console
- local2.*,kern.* /usr/adm/ppplog
+ daemon.*,kern.* /dev/console
+ daemon.*,kern.* /usr/adm/ppplog
and HUP the syslog daemon as before. Then, run pppd with the option
"kdebug 25". Whatever characters arrive over the PPP terminal line
- the version number of Linux PPP you are using
- the exact command you use to start the PPP session
- log output from a session run with the 'debug' option, captured
- using local2.*,kern.* in your syslog.conf file
+ using daemon.*,kern.* in your syslog.conf file
- the type of PPP peer that you are connecting to (eg, Xyzzy Corp
terminal server, Morningstar PPP software, etc)
- the kind of connection you use (modem, hardwired, etc...)
/etc/hosts appropriately.
+
SETTING UP A MACHINE FOR INCOMING PPP CONNECTIONS
Suppose you want to permit another machine to call yours up and start
modem
crtscts
lock
-:192.1.2.23
+:192.1.2.33
-Here we will insist that the remote machine use IP address 192.1.2.23,
+Here we will insist that the remote machine use IP address 192.1.2.33,
while the local PPP interface will use the IP address associated with
this machine's hostname in /etc/hosts. The '-detach' option is required
for a server. It tells the pppd process not to terminate until the modem
option to pppd on the server. Suppose, for example, we have this
setup:
- 192.1.2.23 192.1.2.17
+ 192.1.2.33 192.1.2.17
+-----------+ PPP link +----------+
| chelseapc | ------------------- | billpc |
+-----------+ +----------+
modem
crtscts
lock
-192.1.2.17:192.1.2.23
+192.1.2.17:192.1.2.33
proxyarp
When the link comes up, pppd will enter a "proxy arp" entry for
chelseapc into the arp table on billpc. What this means effectively
is that billpc will pretend to the other machines on the 192.1.2.x
Ethernet that its Ethernet interface is ALSO the interface for
-chelseapc (192.1.2.23) as well as billpc (192.1.2.17). In practice
+chelseapc (192.1.2.33) as well as billpc (192.1.2.17). In practice
this means that chelseapc can communicate just as if it was directly
connected to the Ethernet.
+
SETTING UP A MACHINE FOR INCOMING PPP CONNECTIONS WITH DYNAMIC IP
The use of dynamic IP assignments is not much different from that
(which should be root) and the group only. All other users would be denied
all access to the files and executables.
+d) Prevent the motd file from being sent to the ppp user.
+touch ~ppp/.hushlogin
+chown root ~ppp/.hushlogin
+chmod 444 ~ppp/.hushlogin
+
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
projects / ppp.git / blobdiff