1 .\" Copyright (c) 2001 Ethan Benson <erbenson@alaska.net>
2 .\" Portions of this manual page from silo.conf documentation
3 .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
4 .\" Portions of this manual page from lilo.conf documentation
5 .\" Copyright (c) 1992-1998 Werner Almesberger
6 .\" This program is distributed according to the Gnu General Public License.
7 .\" See the file COPYING in the ybin source distribution.
9 .TH YABOOT.CONF 5 "28 May 2001" "GNU/Linux PowerPC" "File Formats"
12 \- Configuration file format used by
17 .BI "/etc/yaboot.conf"
19 The \fByaboot.conf\fP file is a configuration file for \fByaboot\fP
20 which is read during booting, and for \fBybin\fR(8) to generate a boot
21 menu and to properly install \fByaboot\fP onto the \fBbootstrap\fP(8)
24 \fByaboot.conf\fP provides instructions for \fByaboot\fP. This
25 includes which kernels to load and what options to pass to them.
26 \fByaboot\fP reads and parses its configuration file found on the
27 \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition on PowerMacs, and directly from the root
28 filesystem on IBM PowerPC hardware. On PowerMacs you must run the
29 \fBybin\fR(8) command each time you modify \fB/etc/yaboot.conf\fR.
31 \fByaboot\fP is able to boot kernels even without this configuration file or
32 if this file is crippled or contains syntax errors, but the user has to
33 enter full OpenFirmware names and full path of the images to load and all options
34 required for them manually.
36 The file consists of comments and variable assignments.
39 Start with a \fI#\fP character, and continue to
43 Consist of a single keyword and are followed by whitespace
44 or the end of the file.
47 Consist of the variable name, optional whitespace, a
48 \fI=\fP character, optional whitespace, the value and required
49 newline. IMPORTANT: \fBybin\fR(8) specific options do not support
50 embedded spaces. It is important that there be no trailing whitespace
54 Some string variables are expecting file names. A file name format in \fByaboot\fP
57 [<devicename>][<part>]<absolute_pathname>
61 [<devicename>][<part>][\fB[\fP<m>\fB-\fP<n>\fB]\fP]
63 The first form refers to a file or directory on some supported filesystem
64 (currently \fIext2\fP, \fIhfs\fP, \fIhfs+\fP or \fIiso9660\fP), the latter
65 refers to a range of 512B blocks on a device. For a device block range,
66 either <devicename>, or <part>, or [<m>-<n>] must be given.
68 Optional <devicename> is the OpenFirmware name of the device the file or range
69 is located on. See below for its syntax. For OpenFirmware the device
70 name must be immediately followed by the \fI:\fP character. The default is
71 the boot device yaboot was booted from, or the value of \fIdevice=\fR
72 in \fB/etc/yaboot.conf\fR.
74 Optional <part> is the 1 based partition number on the device. First
75 partition is 1 (e.g. on \fI/dev/sda\fP in Linux is this \fI/dev/sda1\fP).
76 The default is the default partition (the value of the \fIpartition\fP
77 variable in the config file). Note that on Apple partition tables the
78 first partition is always the partition table itself (/dev/sda1 is the
81 <absolute_pathname> must start with a \fI/\fP character and is the
82 pathname from the root of the filesystem on that device (unless it is the
83 root filesystem this is different to the pathname you will see in GNU/Linux).
85 <m> is the first block number (in blocksize 512 bytes) of the range to
86 be loaded and <n> is the last block number plus one.
88 Device name syntax is:
90 <fully_qualified_prom_device_name>[\fB:\fP<part_number>]
92 where the fully qualified OpenFirmware device name starts with a
93 \fI/\fP character for the root of the OpenFirmware device tree and
94 contains all the nodes from the root in the tree up to the disk device
95 node. If some node contains more than one child node with the same
96 name and the path has to go through such node, a \fI@\fP character
97 followed by hexadecimal address pair is desirable to resolve the
98 ambiguity. Optional partition number is a number that follows the
99 \fI:\fP character \fI1\fP (for first partition) \fI2\fP (for second,
100 partition, etc). OpenFirmware device names might look like:
102 /pci@80000000/pci-bridge@d/ADPT,2930CU@2/@0:
103 /pci/@d/mac-io/ata-3@20000/disk@1:
104 /pci/@d/pci-ata@1/ata-4@0/disk@0:
105 /pci/@d/pci-ata@1/ata-4@0/disk@1:
107 OpenFirmware device names if specified as part of the file name (see above)
108 should be followed by the \fI:\fP character to separate the device name from
109 the optional Linux partition number, as shown above. For more information on
113 OpenFirmware also has some predefined aliases which are used instead
114 of the longer canonical device names. Standard aliases include:
116 hd: - The primary master IDE hard disk.
117 ultra1: - The primary slave IDE hard disk.
118 cd: - The secondary master device (usually CDROM).
119 zip: - The secondary slave device (usually zip drive).
121 Variable names are case sensitive, values of string variables are also
124 Blanks and equal signs may only be part of a variable name or a value if
125 they are escaped by a backslash or if the value is embedded in double
126 quotes. An equal sign may not be the only character in a name or value.
128 An escaped tab is converted to an escaped blank. An escaped newline is
129 removed from the input stream. An escaped backslash (i.e. two
130 backslashes) is converted to a backslash. Inside quoted strings, only
131 double quotes, backslashes and newlines can be escaped.
139 magicboot=/usr/local/lib/yaboot/ofboot
143 # End of global variables - begin image labels
146 image=/boot/vmlinux.old
149 This file contains options for two distinct programs: the
150 \fBybin\fR(8) (and \fBmkofboot\fR(8)) \fBbootstrap\fR(8) installer, and the
151 \fByaboot\fR(8) bootloader, each ignores the other's configuration
154 The \fBybin\fR/\fBmkofboot\fR options are:
178 The remaining options belong to \fByaboot\fR(8).
180 \fB/etc/yaboot.conf\fP begins with a possibly empty global options section.
181 This section contains all variable assignments up to the first \fIimage\fP
184 The following global options are recognized:
186 .BI "boot=" boot-device
187 Specifies the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition \fBybin\fR(8) will install
188 the boot loader on. This partition needs to have an HFS or MSDOS
189 filesystem created on it (except on IBM hardware). \fBybin\fR(8) will
190 not create a filesystem. If a filesystem is not present run
191 \fBmkofboot\fR(8) instead of \fBybin\fR(8) for the first time. The
192 \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition must have a partition type of
193 Apple_Bootstrap to prevent MacOS[X] from mounting it. If MacOS is able
194 to mount the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition it will make it unbootable
195 by removing the attributes \fBybin\fR(8) set to make the partition
196 bootable by OpenFirmware. The \fBbootstrap\fR partition must not be
197 mounted anywhere on your filesystem, \fBybin\fR(8) and
198 \fBmkofboot\fR(8) will refuse to operate on it if it is mounted. On
199 IBM hardware the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) should be a type 0x41 PReP Boot
202 .BI "ofboot=" of-path
203 This option defines the OpenFirmware device path to the
204 \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition. This is needed so the first stage
205 \fIofboot.b\fR loader can be configured properly. It should include
206 the OpenFirmware path including the partition number (but not a
207 filename). Example: if your bootstrap partition is /dev/hda2 the OF
208 path will likely be hd:2. As of \fBybin\fR(8) 0.18 you no longer are
209 required to (and should not) specify this option. If left undefined
210 \fBybin\fR(8) will attempt to figure out the OpenFirmware path
211 automatically using the \fBofpath\fR(8) utility. You should only need
212 to define this option if \fBofpath\fR(8) fails.
214 .BI "install=" boot-loader
215 Specifies the path to the \fByaboot\fR(8) OpenFirmware executable
216 file. This file is copied by \fBybin\fR(8) to the \fBbootstrap\fR(8)
217 partition. The default if this is not specified is
218 \fI/usr/local/lib/yaboot/yaboot\fR or \fI/usr/lib/yaboot/yaboot\fR.
220 .BI "magicboot=" magicboot-script
221 Specifies the path to an OpenFirmware CHRP script that \fBybin\fR(8)
222 will copy to the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition. Such a script contains
223 Forth commands that can allow you to do interesting things such as
224 creating a boot menu to choose between MacOS or GNU/Linux. Currently
225 you must use a magicboot script do to a bug in OpenFirmware.
226 Eventually a CHRP header could be added to the \fByaboot\fR(8)
227 executable so this can be optional. When this option is defined the
228 magicboot script will be executed by OF automatically at boot (instead
229 of the \fBinstall\fR file.) See man \fBbootstrap\fR(8) for more
230 information on this. As of ybin 0.22 you should set this to
231 /usr/local/lib/yaboot/ofboot which is a autoconfiguring first stage
232 loader for yaboot. It is capable of presenting a dual boot menu for
233 GNU/Linux, MacOS and MacOSX. If dual booting is not required or
234 configured it will simply load yaboot directly. You must specify this
235 for most PowerMacs or they will fail to boot. You cannot use
236 magicboot scripts with IBM hardware.
239 Uses the specified image as the default boot image. If `default' is omitted,
240 the image appearing first in the configuration file is used.
242 .BI "defaultos=" linux|bsd|macos|macosx|darwin
243 Defines the default OS for the first stage multiboot menu to load, by
244 default this is linux, which really means \fByaboot\fR.
245 Valid values are: linux, bsd, macos, macosx, and
246 darwin. This is only relevant if you have \fIbsd=\fR, \fImacos=\fR,
247 \fImacosx=\fR, or \fIdarwin=\fR options defined.
249 .BI "message=" message_filename
250 Specifies a file containing a message that is displayed before the boot
251 prompt. [CURRENTLY UNIMPLEMENTED]
253 .BI "password=" password
254 Protect booting by a password. The password is given in either
255 cleartext or an md5 hash (of the same format as used in GNU/Linux
256 passwd files)in the configuration file. Because of that, the
257 configuration file should be only readable by the superuser and the
258 password should differ if possible from other passwords on the system.
261 to set permissions on
263 Passwords currently do not affect the multiboot menu entries
264 (\fImacos=\fR, \fImacosx=\fR, etc).
267 Sets a timeout (in tenths of a second) for keyboard input. If no key is
268 pressed for the specified time, the first image is automatically booted.
271 Sets a timeout (in seconds) for an OS choice in the first stage
272 \fIofboot\fR loader. If no key is pressed for the specified time, the
273 default OS defined by \fIdefaultos=\fR (or GNU/Linux) is automatically
274 booted. If this is left unset, the value of \fItimeout=\fR (converted
275 to seconds) will be used.
277 .BI "init-code=" string
278 Specifies that \fByaboot\fR(8) should call OpenFirmware to
279 execute the string given (a series of forth commands) before printing
282 .BI "fgcolor=" string
283 Specifies the foreground (text) color used by \fByaboot\fR(8) and the
284 multiboot menu. Available colors are: black, blue, light-blue, green,
285 light-green, cyan, light-cyan, red, light-red, purple, light-purple,
286 brown, light-gray, dark-gray, yellow, and white. The default is white.
288 .BI "bgcolor=" string
289 Specifies the background color used by \fByaboot\fR(8) and the
290 mulitboot menu. Available colors are: black, blue, light-blue, green,
291 light-green, cyan, light-cyan, red, light-red, purple, light-purple,
292 brown, light-gray, dark-gray, yellow, and white. The default is
296 The OpenFirmware or Unix device path to a NetBSD or OpenBSD bootstrap
297 partition, this partition must already have the BSD ofwboot.elf
298 bootloader installed in the root directory.. When you define this
299 option you will be presented with a simple menu at bootup allowing you
300 to hit L to boot GNU/Linux or B to boot BSD (along with other choices
301 if configured). This will only work if you are using the new
302 \fI/usr/local/lib/yaboot/ofboot\fR script. When this is set to a unix
303 device node (ie \fI/dev/hda11\fR) then ybin will use the
304 \fBofpath\fR(8) utility to determine the OpenFirmware device path.
307 The OpenFirmware or Unix device path to a MacOS 8.* or 9.* boot
308 partition. When you define this option you will be presented with a
309 simple menu at bootup allowing you to hit L to boot GNU/Linux or M to
310 boot MacOS (along with other choices if configured). This will only
311 work if you are using the new \fI/usr/local/lib/yaboot/ofboot\fR
312 script. When this is set to a unix device node (ie \fI/dev/hda11\fR)
313 then ybin will use the \fBofpath\fR(8) utility to determine the
314 OpenFirmware device path.
316 .BI "macosx=" of-path
317 The OpenFirmware or unix device path to a MacOS X boot partition.
318 When you define this option you will be presented with a simple menu
319 at bootup allowing you to hit L to boot GNU/Linux or X to boot MacOSX
320 (along with other choices if configured). This will only work if you
321 are using the new \fI/usr/local/lib/yaboot/ofboot\fR script. When
322 this is set to a unix device node (ie \fI/dev/hda11\fR) then ybin will
323 use the \fBofpath\fR(8) utility to determine the OpenFirmware device
327 This option causes the menu entry for MacOSX to execute
328 \\System\\Library\\CoreServices\\BootX from the macosx=device instead
329 of the usual \\\\:tbxi. This is necessary if OSX is installed onto an
330 HFS+ filesystem instead of UFS. When OSX is installed on an HFS+
331 filesystem MacOS will mount and debless the OSX partition. Add this
332 option if the OSX menu entry breaks after booting MacOS. You should
333 not use this option if OSX is installed on a UFS filesystem, for UFS
334 installs you specify the OSX bootstrap partition which is protected
335 against MacOS. This option requires \fImacosx=\fR to be set.
337 .BI "darwin=" of-path
338 The OpenFirmware or unix device path to a Darwin boot partition.
339 When you define this option you will be presented with a simple menu
340 at bootup allowing you to hit L to boot GNU/Linux or D to boot Darwin
341 (along with other choices if configured). This will only work if you
342 are using the new \fI/usr/local/lib/yaboot/ofboot\fR script. When
343 this is set to a unix device node (ie \fI/dev/hda11\fR) then ybin will
344 use the \fBofpath\fR(8) utility to determine the OpenFirmware device
348 This option adds an entry to the multiboot menu to boot from the CDROM drive.
351 This option adds an entry to the multiboot menu to boot from the network.
354 This option adds an entry to the multiboot menu to boot into an
358 This option causes \fBybin\fR to use the regular \fBmount\fR(8)
359 utilities to access the filesystem on the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition
360 instead of the userspace \fBhfsutils\fR(1). This is not recommended
361 for HFS filesystems since it is not possible to set all the attributes
362 required for automatic OpenFirmware booting. If you use this option
363 you will have to modify OpenFirmware's boot-device variable to make
364 your machine bootable (see man \fBbootstrap\fR(8)). Without this option
365 you can normally reset OpenFirmware to its default configuration and
366 your system will boot automatically into GNU/Linux. (See
367 \fBbootstrap\fR(8) for details) This option is required for MSDOS
370 .BI "mntpoint=" /path/to/directory
371 Requires \fIusemount\fR this works exactly like usemount does except it
372 does not mount the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition but rather installs the
373 bootloader into the directory defined as the mountpoint. The pathname
374 MUST be clean, ie no embedded spaces or metacharacters. The directory
375 may not be more then one subdirectory deep from the root of the
376 partition (not necessarily the unix /). You must not have a trailing
377 / either. This option is NOT recommended since it has the same
378 limitations as usemount, your system will not be bootable by
379 OpenFirmware, it will only be manually bootable or bootable if you
380 change the boot-device variable to the direct pathname to the
381 bootloader (which \fBybin\fR(8) will attempt to do). WARNING: This
382 option is not secure if untrusted users can write to the value of
383 \fImntpoint=\fR, and the filesystem supports links.
385 .BI "fstype=" hfs|msdos|raw
386 Specifies what kind of filesystem is created on the \fBbootstrap\fR(8)
387 partition by \fBmkofboot\fR(8). It must be either \fIhfs\fR or
388 \fImsdos\fR or \fIraw\fR. For Apple PowerMacs HFS is the only
389 workable option unless you have partitioned your disk with Intel
390 partition tables. \fBYbin\fR(8) also uses this option to determine how
391 to access the partition properly. The \fIraw\fR type causes
392 \fBybin\fR(8) or \fBmkofboot\fR(8) to copy the bootloader (value of
393 \fIinstall=\fR) to the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition without any
394 filesystem. CAUTION: this will destroy any data or filesystem on the
395 \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition (value of \fIboot=\fR) if you specify
396 something like \fIboot=/dev/sda\fR you will destroy the partition
397 table and lose ALL data on the disk. The default if omitted, is hfs.
399 .BI "hfstype=" type-code
400 Specifies the four character HFS type code that is given to the boot
401 loader (or magicboot script). The default is \fItbxi\fR and should
402 not be changed unless you really know what you are doing, OpenFirmware
403 (on PowerMacs) looks for a file of this type to execute as a boot
404 loader so if you change this your system will not boot automatically.
405 This is only meant for users who must use a MacOS boot partition as
406 the bootstrap partition, otherwise the conflict of two \fItbxi\fR
407 files could potentially cause MacOS to fail to boot. This code is
408 only given to the file intended for OpenFirmware to boot. This option
409 is ignored on non-HFS filesystems.
412 This prevents \fBybin\fR(8) from \*(lqblessing\*(rq the root directory of
413 the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition. Blessing the root directory is required
414 for OpenFirmware to boot correctly. This should only be used when a
415 MacOS boot partition is being used as the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) in which case
416 blessing the root directory would make MacOS unbootable. If you use
417 this option you must manually configure OpenFirmware to boot
418 \fByaboot\fR(8). (see \fBbootstrap\fR(8))
421 This causes \fBybin\fR(8) to set the HFS invisible bit on all the boot
422 loader files. OpenFirmware ignores this bit, but MacOS will not show
423 invisible files in the Finder. This is useful if the \fBbootstrap\fR(8)
424 partition is MacOS mountable and you want to prevent annoying MacOS
425 lusers from screwing up your GNU/Linux boot loader ;-). This option is
426 ignored for non-HFS filesystems.
429 This causes \fBybin\fR(8) to set the HFS/MSDOS read-only bit on all the boot
430 loader files. MacOS will not allow a read-only file to be modified or
431 deleted (but does not prevent anyone from removing this bit) This is
432 only useful if the \fBbootstrap\fR(8) partition is MacOS mountable and
433 you want to discourage modification/deletion of the boot loader.
436 This option prevents \fBybin\fR(8) from setting the OpenFirmware
437 boot-device variable with \fBnvsetenv\fR(8).
439 In addition to these global options, per-image options \fIappend\fP,
440 \fIdevice\fP, \fIimage\fP, \fIinitrd-prompt\fP, \fIinitrd-size\fP,
441 \fIinitrd\fP, \fIpartition\fP, \fIpause-after\fP, \fIpause-message\fP,
442 \fIramdisk\fP, \fIread-only\fP, \fIread-write\fP, \fIroot\fP and
443 \fIrestricted\fR can be specified in the global section. They are used
444 as defaults if they aren't specified in the configuration sections of
445 the respective kernel images and will be used also for the arbitrary
446 images specified on the input line and not mentioned in the
447 configuration file (unless overridden by input line options).
448 .SH "PER-IMAGE SECTIONS"
449 A per-image section starts with either a line
451 \fBimage=\fP\fIfilename\fP
453 (for booting from files)
454 From the \fIimage\fP line on until next \fIimage\fP line are variable
455 assignments and flags for this image's section. The following options
456 and flags are recognized:
459 The bootloader uses the main file name (without its path) of each image
460 specification to identify that image. A different name can be used by
461 setting the variable `label'.
464 A second name for the same entry can be used by specifying an alias.
466 .BI "partition=" part_no
467 Specifies the default partition number (a digit, hda1 is part_no 1) to
468 be used if some filename does not specify a partition number
469 explicitly. The kernel images should be located on the root
470 filesystem, thus \fIpartition\fR should usually be set to the root
471 partition number. For example if the root partition is /dev/hda3 (the
472 third partition), then \fIpartition\fR should be set to
475 .BI "device=" device_name
476 Specifies the default device name to be used if some filename does not
477 specify a device name explicitly. This defaults to the device
478 \fByaboot\fP has been booted from if you don't specify \fIdevice\fP in either
479 the global section or per-image section of the config file.
482 Appends the options specified to the parameter line
483 passed to the kernel. This is typically used to
484 specify parameters of hardware that can't be
485 entirely auto-detected or for which probing may be
488 append = "video=ofonly"
490 .BI "literal=" string
491 Like `append', but removes all other options (e.g. setting of the root
492 device). Because vital options can be removed unintentionally with
493 `literal', this option cannot be set in the global options section.
496 This specifies the size of the optional RAM disk. A value of zero indicates
497 that no RAM disk should be created. If this variable is omitted, the RAM
498 disk size configured into the boot image is used.
501 This specifies that the root file system should be mounted read-only.
502 Typically, the system startup procedure re-mounts the root file system
503 read-write later (e.g. after fsck'ing it).
506 This specifies that the root file system should be mounted read-write.
508 .BI "root=" root-device
509 This specifies the device that should be mounted as root.
511 .BI "initrd=" filename
512 Specifies the file that will be loaded at boot time as the initial RAM disk.
515 initrd=/images/initrd.img
517 yaboot will not decompress the initial ramdisk, the Linux kernel will do that.
518 If the initial ramdisk does not fit on one media (usually floppy), you can
519 split it into several pieces and separate the filenames in the list by
520 \fI|\fP characters. In this case, you have to provide a non-zero
521 \fIinitrd-size\fP and, if the images reside on different medias,
522 \fIinitrd-prompt\fP as well.
523 Example (on the first floppy is initrd1.img, on the second initrd2.img
524 always in the root directory and the sum of both image sizes is 1700000
527 initrd=/initrd1.img|/initrd2.img
531 .BI "initrd-size=" size
532 When more than one initial ramdisk part is specified in the \fIinitrd\fP
533 setting, this option is required to be the sum of sizes of all the images
534 mentioned on that line, in bytes. It is required so that yaboot can reserve
535 space for the image, even though size of some parts has not been determined
539 If more than one initial ramdisk part is specified, wait for user pressing a
540 key between loading the different images, so that the user can exchange
541 media. This flag is needed if some initrd parts reside on the same device,
542 but different removable media. On the other side, if you e.g. load one part
543 from a floppy and the second part from a hard disk, such option is not
544 needed (the question is who'd write something like that into yaboot.conf).
547 If this flag is specified, yaboot will stop after loading the kernel (and
548 initial ramdisks if specified) and ask the user to press a key before
551 .BI "pause-message=" string
552 If \fIpause-after\fP is specified, this variable specifies the string to
553 print to the user when asking him to press a key. The default is:
555 Press ENTER to continue.
557 .BI "sysmap=" filename
558 Specifies the path for the System.map file that goes with the kernel
559 image (\fIimage=\fR). This is for 2.4 kernels with a kernel debugger only.
562 Enables booting the image by hitting a single key when the cursor is at the
563 first character in the input line, without the need to press <ENTER>
564 afterwards. \fIsingle-key\fP requires that either the image's label or its
565 alias (or both) is a single character. If you need to specify parameters for
566 such an image, or if you want to boot some other image which happens to
567 start with the same letter, then you need to start the input line with at
568 least one space which will be removed before processing but will disable
569 this single-key feature.
572 Restricted limits the ability to customize command line arguments.
573 \fIrestricted\fR has no effect if \fIpassword=\fR is not specified.
574 A password is only required to boot the image specified in
575 \fB/etc/yaboot.conf\fP if parameters are specified on the command line
576 or if the user enters an image that is not specified in the configuration
577 file at all (arbitrary file load). For an image not including
578 the \fIrestricted\fR keyword (unless \fIrestricted\fR is in the global
579 section), the password will be required. If \fIrestricted\fR
580 is in the global section, all boot labels act as above (duh:).
582 Here is an example \fIyaboot.conf\fR file:
590 install=/usr/local/lib/yaboot/yaboot
591 magicboot=/usr/local/lib/yaboot/ofboot
603 image=/boot/vmlinux.old
611 The format defined in this man page will not work with versions of
612 \fByaboot\fR(8) older then 0.6. The color options only work with
613 yaboot 1.0 and later.
617 options may not be implemented fully.
619 This man page was derived from \fBsilo.conf\fR(5) written by Jakub
620 Jelinek and the SparcLinux team, and modified for
621 \fByaboot\fR(8)/\fBybin\fR(8) by Ethan Benson.
623 \fByaboot\fR(8) was written by Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>.
625 \fBybin\fR(8) was written by Ethan Benson <erbenson@alaska.net>.